U.S. Citizenship Test and Interview: How to Prepare
More than 7.5 million people have become naturalized U.S. citizens over the past decade, and over 94 percent of applicants pass the citizenship test. Yet many eligible green card holders hesitate to apply because they worry about the test and interview. With the right preparation and a clear understanding of what to expect, you can pass with confidence.
The naturalization application — Form N-400 — comes first. Then, near the end of the naturalization timeline, USCIS will schedule you for an interview where both tests take place.
Key Takeaways
- Over 94% of applicants pass the U.S. citizenship test overall.
- Your filing date determines whether you take the 2008 or 2025 civics test.
- The 2025 test asks up to 20 questions; you must answer 12 correctly.
- If you don't pass the first time, USCIS will schedule a re-exam.
- Exemptions exist for older applicants and those with qualifying disabilities.
What Happens at the Naturalization Interview
The naturalization interview is a one-on-one appointment with a USCIS officer at your local field office. The appointment typically lasts 20 to 45 minutes. It is not a courtroom proceeding — it is a structured conversation designed to verify your eligibility and test your English and civics knowledge.
When you arrive, the officer will check your ID, place you under oath, and review your N-400 application with you directly. They will ask questions about:
- Your background, residence, and travel history
- Your marital status and family situation
- Your employment and tax compliance
- Your criminal history and moral character
- Your commitment to the Constitution and willingness to take the Oath of Allegiance
Review your N-400 carefully before your appointment. The officer will use it as the basis for the interview, and your spoken answers must match what you submitted. If anything has changed since you filed — a new address, a trip abroad, a new employer — be ready with updated information. Most minor updates do not affect eligibility. However, certain changes can complicate your case. If any of the following apply to you, consider speaking with an immigration attorney before your interview:
- You have traveled outside the U.S. for more than six months since filing
- You have been arrested or cited for any offense
- You filed for naturalization based on marriage to a U.S. citizen and that marriage has since ended
- You have unpaid taxes or unfiled returns
- You have child support obligations that are not current
For more detail on what the officer will review, see our guide on the naturalization interview →
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The English Test: Reading, Writing, and Speaking
USCIS evaluates your English ability from the moment the officer greets you. Speaking clearly and responding to questions during the interview itself counts as part of your English assessment.
The formal English portion of the citizenship test has three components:
- Speaking — Your conversational answers during the interview demonstrate your speaking ability. If you don't understand a question, it is fine to ask the officer to repeat or rephrase it.
- Reading — The officer will ask you to read one sentence aloud from a set of three. You must read it in a way that shows you understand its meaning.
- Writing — The officer will dictate one sentence for you to write, chosen from a set of three. Your written sentence must be legible and understandable.
USCIS provides free study tools to help you prepare. These include official flash cards for reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, and a full reading vocabulary list — all available directly from the USCIS website.
Easy-to-use flash cards containing vocabulary words to help study for the English reading portion of the test.
Easy-to-use flash cards containing vocabulary words to help study for the English writing portion of the test.
Official list of vocabulary words for the English reading portion of the U.S. citizenship test and interview.
The Civics Test: U.S. History and Government
The civics portion of the citizenship test measures your knowledge of U.S. history and government. USCIS administers it orally — the officer asks questions and you respond aloud, in English, unless you qualify for an accommodation.
Which Version of the Civics Test Will You Take? The version of the civics test that applies to you depends on when you filed your Form N-400.
| Test Version | Who Takes It | Questions in Pool | Questions Asked | Correct to Pass |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 Civics Test | Filed N-400 before October 20, 2025 | 100 | Up to 10 | 6 |
| 2025 Civics Test | Filed N-400 on or after October 20, 2025 | 128 | Up to 20 | 12 |
Under the 2025 test, USCIS will stop asking questions as soon as you either reach 12 correct answers (you pass) or accumulate 9 incorrect answers (you do not pass). If you filed before October 20, 2025, none of this applies — you will take the 2008 version regardless of when your interview is scheduled.
The official question-and-answer list for applicants who filed before October 20, 2025.
The official question-and-answer list for applicants who filed on or after October 20, 2025.
A comprehensive guide covering U.S. history and government — organized by theme to help you learn, not just memorize.
Learn & Explore
This study guide groups questions into themes to help you understand how the content is related. Each question has a short video page that provides the answer to the question along with historical content. Each video is followed by a multiple-choice quiz, and some also have practice activities. As you complete each question, a white checkmark will appear to help you track your progress.
Test Yourself
During the naturalization interview, a USCIS Officer will ask you up to 10 civics questions from the list of 100. You must correctly answer six (6) questions to pass the civics portion of the naturalization test. You will need to say the answers aloud. In the official test, the questions are not multiple choice. Here, you can practice taking the test. Good luck!
Exemptions and Accommodations
Certain applicants qualify for modifications to the English or civics test requirements. These are based on your age and how long you have been a lawful permanent resident.
English Language Exemptions
USCIS exempts the following applicants from the English-language requirement:
- 50/20 Rule — Age 50 or older at the time of filing, with 20+ years as a permanent resident
- 55/15 Rule — Age 55 or older at the time of filing, with 15+ years as a permanent resident
If you qualify under either exemption, you may take the civics test in your native language. You will need to bring a qualified interpreter to your interview. That interpreter must be fluent in both English and your native language.
The 65/20 Rule — Simplified Civics Test
If you are age 65 or older and have been a permanent resident for at least 20 years at the time of filing, you qualify for a shorter, simplified version of the civics exam. USCIS will draw your questions from a smaller designated question pool, and you may take the test in the language of your choice.
Medical Exemptions
If you have a physical, developmental, or mental disability that prevents you from meeting the English or civics requirements, you may qualify for a full exemption. To apply, submit Form N-648, Medical Certification for Disability Exceptions, along with your Form N-400. USCIS requires that a licensed doctor or clinical psychologist complete the form, and it must be dated within six months of your N-400 filing date.
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What to Bring to Your Citizenship Interview
Start organizing your documents as soon as you file Form N-400 — don't wait until the interview notice arrives. Keep a dedicated file with your application copy, all supporting documents, and every letter or notice you receive from USCIS.
Every applicant should bring the following to the interview:
- Your USCIS interview appointment notice
- Your Permanent Resident Card (green card), even if expired
- A government-issued photo ID such as a driver's license or state ID
- All passports, current and expired, used since you became a permanent resident
- Originals of any documents you submitted with your N-400
Depending on your situation, you may also need to bring marriage certificates, divorce decrees, court records, or tax documents. See the full list of documents to bring to your naturalization interview →
Citizenship Test Pass Rates
The vast majority of naturalization applicants pass the citizenship test on their first attempt. According to USCIS naturalization performance data, 94.4 percent of all applicants pass. Most of those who do not pass the first time successfully complete the re-exam.
| Result | Share of Applicants |
|---|---|
| Passed on first attempt | ~90% |
| Passed on re-exam after initial attempt | ~4% |
| Did not pass | ~6% |
* Data based on USCIS Naturalization Statistics FY24